helium-dilution refrigerator

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• Dilution refrigerator — Gas control system for a helium dilution refrigerator A dilution refrigerator is a cryogenic device first proposed by Heinz London. Its refrigeration process uses a mixture of two isotopes of helium: helium 3 and helium 4. When cooled below… …   Wikipedia

• Helium-3 refrigerator — A helium 3 refrigerator is a simple device used in experimental physics for obtaining temperatures down to about 0.2 kelvins. By evaporative cooling of helium 4 (the more common isotope of helium), a 1 K pot liquefies a small amount of helium 3… …   Wikipedia

• Dry dilution refrigerator — A dry dilution system A dry (or cryogen free) dilution refrigerator is a type of dilution refrigerator that does not require the use of any external cryogens, in particular liquid helium, to operate. In the traditional design of a dilution… …   Wikipedia

• Helium-3 — This article is about the elemental isotope. For the record label Helium 3, see Muse or A E Records .infobox isotope background = #F99 isotope name = Helium 3 alternate names =Helium 3,He 3 symbol =He mass number =3 mass =3.016 num neutrons =1… …   Wikipedia

• Helium — otherusesHelium (He) is a colorless, odorless, tasteless, non toxic, inert monatomic chemical element that heads the noble gas group in the periodic table and whose atomic number is 2. Its boiling and melting points are the lowest among the… …   Wikipedia

• Liquid helium — Helium exists in liquid form only at very low temperatures. The boiling point and critical point depend on the isotope of the helium; see the table below for values. The density of liquid helium at its boiling point and 1 atm is approximately… …   Wikipedia

• Isotopes of helium — Although there are eight known isotopes of helium (He) (standard atomic mass: 4.002602(2) u), only helium 3 (SimpleNuclide|Helium|3) and helium 4 (SimpleNuclide|Helium|4) are stable. In the Earth s atmosphere, there is one SimpleNuclide|Helium|3… …   Wikipedia

• Pulse tube refrigerator — The Pulse tube cryocooler is a developing technology that emerged largely in the early 1980 s with a series of other innovations in the broader field of Thermoacoustics. In contrast with other cryocoolers (eg Stirling cryocooler and Gifford… …   Wikipedia

• Coldest temperature recorded on Earth — The coldest natural temperature ever recorded on Earth was −89 °C (−128°F) at the Russian Vostok Station in Antarctica July 21, 1983. [http://www.globe.gov/fsl/html/templ.cgi?archive atmos10271999 lang=en nav=6] Lower temperatures have been… …   Wikipedia

• Lowest temperature recorded on Earth — The lowest temperature ever recorded at the surface of the Earth was −89.2 °C (−128.6 °F; 184.0 K) at the Russian Vostok Station in Antarctica July 21, 1983.[1] Lower temperatures have been achieved in the laboratory, including a record …   Wikipedia

• E.G.D. Cohen — Ezechiel Godert David Cohen, zitiert als E.G.D. Cohen, (* 16. Januar 1923 in den Niederlanden) ist ein US amerikanischer theoretischer Physiker, der sich mit statistischer Physik beschäftigt. Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Leben und Wirken 2 Einige… …   Deutsch Wikipedia